A microcontroller is a compact integrated circuit designed to govern specific operations in embedded
systems. It combines a processor (CPU), memory (RAM/ROM), and programmable input/output peripherals
on a single chip, enabling control of electronic devices and processes.
Microcontroller Applications:
Counters: Industrial production line item tracking (binary logic + combinatorics)
Timers: Microwave oven controls (crystal oscillator frequency calculations)
Decision Making: Traffic light systems (finite state machines + Boolean algebra)
Process Automation: Smart irrigation systems (feedback loops + sensor data fusion)